Biography of John Bardeen Research, Awards, Legacy

John Bardeen (May 23, 1908–January 30, 1991) was an American physicist. He is best known for winning the Nobel Prize in Physics twice, making him the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in the same field. In 1956, he received the honor for his contributions to the invention of the transistor, an electronic component that revolutionized the electronics industry. In 1972, he won the Nobel a second time for helping to develop a the theory of superconductivity, which refers to the state of having no electrical resistance. Bardeen shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with William Shockley and Walter Brattain, and the 1972 Nobel Prize in Physics with Leon Cooper and John Schrieffer. Fast Facts: John Bardeen Occupation: PhysicistKnown For: The only physicist to win the Nobel Prize in Physics twice: in 1956 for helping to invent the transistor, and in 1972 for developing the theory of superconductivityBorn: May 23, 1908 in Madison, WisconsinDied: January 30, 1991 in Boston, MassachusettsParents: Charles and Althea BardeenEducation: University of Wisconsin–Madison (B.S., M.S.); Princeton University (Ph.D.)Spouse: Jane MaxwellChildren: James, William, ElizabethFun Fact: Bardeen was an avid golfer. According to one biography, he once made a hole-in-one and was asked the question, How much is that worth to you, John, two Nobel Prizes? Bardeen responded, Well, perhaps not two. Early Life and Education Bardeen was born May 23, 1908 in Madison, Wisconsin. He was the second of five children to Charles Bardeen, the dean of the University of Wisconsin’s medical school, and Althea (nà ©e Harmer) Bardeen, an art historian. When Bardeen was almost 9 years old, he skipped three grades at school to join the 7th grade, and a year later he began high school. After high school, Bardeen began attending the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he majored in electrical engineering. At UW–Madison, he learned about quantum mechanics for the first time from professor John Van Vleck. He graduated with a B.S. in 1928 and remained at UW–Madison for graduate study, receiving his master’s degree in electrical engineering in 1929. Career Beginnings After graduate school, Bardeen followed his professor Leo Peters to the Gulf Research and Development Corporation and began studying oil prospecting. There, Bardeen helped devise a method for interpreting geological features from a magnetic survey—a method considered so novel and useful that the company did not patent it for fear of disclosing details to competitors. Details of the invention were only published much later, in 1949. In 1933, Bardeen left Gulf to undertake graduate study in mathematical physics at Princeton University. Studying under Professor E.P. Wigner, Bardeen conducted work on solid state physics. He graduated with his Ph.D. from Princeton in 1936, though he was elected a member of the Society of Fellows at Harvard in 1935 and worked again with Professor John Van Vleck from 1935-1938, also on solid state physics. In 1938, Bardeen became an assistant professor at the University of Minnesota, where he studied the problem of superconductivity—the observation that metals exhibit zero electrical resistance near absolute temperature. However, due to the outbreak of World War II in 1941, he began work at the Naval Ordnance Laboratory in Washington, D.C., working on mines and ship detection. Bell Labs and the Invention of the Transistor In 1945, after the war ended, Bardeen worked at Bell Lab. He researched solid state electronics, particularly on the ways semiconductors can conduct electrons. This work, which was heavily theoretical and helped aid the understanding of experiments that were already being conducted at Bell Labs, led to the invention of the transistor, an electronic component capable of amplifying or switching electronic signals. The transistor replaced bulky vacuum tubes, allowing for the miniaturization of electronics; it is integral to the development of many of todays modern electronics. Bardeen and his fellow researchers William Shockley and Walter Brattain won the Nobel Prize in Physics for the invention of the transistor in 1956. Bardeen became a professor of electrical engineering and physics at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, from 1951-1975, before becoming Professor Emeritus. He continued his research there through the 1980s, publishing up to a year before his death in 1991. Superconductivity Research In the 1950s, Bardeen resumed research on superconductivity, which he had begun in the 1930s. Along with physicists John Schrieffer and Leon Cooper, Bardeen developed the conventional theory of superconductivity, also called Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory. They were jointly honored with the Nobel Prize in 1972 for this research. The award made Bardeen the first person ever to win two Nobel Prizes in the same field.   Awards and Honors In addition to the Nobel Prize, Bardeen received numerous honors awards and honors including: Elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1959)National Medal of Science (1965)IEEE Medal of Honor (1971)Presidential Medal of Freedom (1977) Bardeen received honorary doctorates from Harvard (1973), Cambridge University (1977), and the University of Pennsylvania (1976). Death and Legacy Bardeen died of heart disease in Boston, Massachusetts on January 30, 1991. He was 82 years old. His contributions to the field of physics remain influential to this day. He is best remembered for his Nobel Prize-winning work: helping to develop the BCS theory of superconductivity and producing theoretical work that led to the invention of the transistor. The latter achievement revolutionized the field of electronics by replacing bulky vacuum tubes and allowing for the miniaturization of electronics. Sources John Bardeen – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1956/bardeen/biographical/Sir Pippard, Brian. â€Å"Bardeen, John (23 May 1908–30 January 1991), Physicist.†Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, 1 Feb. 1994, pp. 19–34., rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/roybiogmem/39/19.full.pdf

My College English Class and What I learned - 809 Words

The course definitely changed the way I approached writing a paper. One day in lecture you quoted Ernest Hemmingway saying, â€Å"The first draft of anything is shit.† This changed the way I approached and wrote papers. I used to start papers the night before, barely look over them and making few changes. This course encouraged me to outline, write a rough draft and constantly review then finalization the paper. Peer review before this class I though was pointless because most student hardly pay attention to the paper and usually wrote â€Å"good job.† The students in the class actually read my paper and gave honest feedback and ways to improve it. Also to have a teacher read your draft and give feedback with what is wrong and ways to help the quality of the paper helped greatly. This English class was definitely different than high school English. College English class was very different than high school English class. In high school there was not much emphasis on proper headings and titles. If we had correct name, date and title, the teacher would not care about the parts such as page number and margins. In high school we read more books but mainly paid attention to the sequence of events and put pieces of the story together and not go into detail about tone, point of view or persuasion in the book. High school papers were around 2-3 pages, but in college most of them are 6 or longer. Citing after a sentence is much more stressed in college and plagiarism is taken much moreShow MoreRelatedMy First Day Of College977 Words   |  4 Pages It was my first day of college ever when I walked into my English 1060 class. I felt my stomach doing flips. I was filled with the anticipation on what it was going to be like, what I was going to learn and how hard it was going to be. Before becoming a student at Oakland Communit y College, I went to Brandon High School. 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An audience manifesto Essay Example For Students

An audience manifesto Essay There is absolutely nothing to support the notion that contemporary plays should reflect the prevailing attitudes of the community. Prevailing attitudes (social, sexual, religious, political) do not need the support of artiststhey have the weight of governments, corporations, advertisers and the media behind them. When we, as audiences, demand this from our artists, we are selling ourselves short. And we are asking the theatre this marvelous, grand accident of an art formto perform pedestrian tasks. Demand more. The highest challenge you, as an audience, can issue to your theatre artists is to demand that they run through the minefields before you do. To demand that they make the mistakes, confront the idiocy and revel in the excesses (social, sexual, religious, political) of the culture in the metaphorical safety of the theatre (where you can watch and judge), before it hits you in the bloody maelstrom of the world. Push your artists ahead of you through the dark room. If they fall, youll know to watch your step. If they bloody their heads, youll know to duck. If they look foolish, perhaps youll linger longer at your mirror. And if they race forward, smiling and unscathed, youll know you can toss yourself forward with abandon. This is a daunting challenge for those of us who are theatre artists, one we seldom live up to. But dont let us lower our standards. Dont let our questions get safer, smaller. We should encourage our theatre artists to go where we dare not. We should thank them (grudgingly, at times) for revealing to each of us, individually, what our boundaries aresocial, sexual, religious, political. We should applaud them when they help us either draw the line or, willingly, step over it. Ask that your theatre artists talk about what you talk about at the dinner table but, also demand that they talk about, and show you, the things youre afraid to bring up at the dinner table, at work, with friends. Demand that they be militantly articulate about the world. The American theatre needs fewer chestnuts and more grenades. Art is often made in a fury. And we can learn more, in one instant on stage, from someones fury how it engages, divides or offends us than we can from years of sanitized, community-approved work. Believe me if writers thought that taking fuck and shit out of their plays would stop civil rights abuses, end sexism, feed children or clothe the homeless they would. If writers thought they were harming the moral fabric of tolerance and respect by suggesting that maybe AIDS exists, or maybe kids should be told that sex (and its inherent dangers) exists, or suggesting that maybe lust and lying and corruption exist and flourish they would do otherwise. But the fact is that sex and beauty, hatred and disease, truth and manipulation, hunger and faith exist concurrently in the culture. And to ask artists to address only pleasant or nice or approved aspects of the culture is not only small-minded, it is patently impossible. It is contradiction and complexity that make up the body politicand to d emand simplification is to accept a lie. These are the two things you should know about censorship. First: if someone is denied the chance to present their workno matter how controversial (socially, sexually, religiously, politically) that is censorship. Period. Second: Censorship is propaganda for a cause. Censorship has nothing whatsoever to do with ridding something from the culture. It has everything to do with instilling something in the culture. The person or organization that claims to be protecting you and yours from evil, is attempting to blanket you and yours with a belief system. Censorship is the advocacy by one group of a specific set of ideas at the exclusion of all others. The world is messy, art is messy, but censorship is easy. It is the demand that we hold the mirror up to a nature that does not exist. .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 , .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .postImageUrl , .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 , .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8:hover , .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8:visited , .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8:active { border:0!important; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8:active , .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8 .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u02167752132dc2c50790e8a3a392fbc8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Wizards of Quiz EssaySo what can you do as an audience? Demand not to be sheltered from ideas, language or images. Demand the right to make up your own mind about your interests, pleasures and boundaries. Demand not only the right to escape, but the right to be engaged. Demand newness. The theatre is not about nostalgia. The theatre is not a museum. Plays dont hang on walls, oblivious to time. The theatre is a rehearsal of the concerns of the present moment. Whether the given text is old or new, demand that it move you forward. Demand to laugh. Not just at others, but at yourself. Demand more from your critics than did she like it or not? Demand to know the context of a given play in the authors body of work as well as in the theatres body of work. Demand that theatres stop using critics quotes to sell their plays. Until they do, all their carping about the unfair power of critics is absolutely hypocritical. Demand leadership. Encourage your artists and administrators to follow their mission statement, not their exit polling. Any theatre must like all of us grow, change and evolve. It cant be asked to provide its audience with what theyve grown accustomed to. A theatre that tries to be all things to all people inevitably fails everyone. Demand no dress codes, spoken or unspoken. Demand an end to the farcical belief that theatres need to educate their audience before they can affect, provoke or entertain them. Tell your theatre that youre ready for anything, and that you plan to let them know exactly what you think of it, good or bad. Demand fun. Demand fury. Getting your moneys worth is not enough. Get your heart and minds worth. As artists and audiences, together we share the theatre. Together we share this grand, eloquent, messy, unpredictable experiment. Lets revel in that. Steven Dietzs latest play is Lonely Planet. These comments first appeared in the program for A Contemporary Theatre of Seattles premiere of his Trust.

Challenges of Leading Groups in Criminal Justice free essay sample

Challenges of Leading Groups in Criminal Justice Leaders of criminal justice organizations have complex challenges that require creative and innovative approaches and solutions. Future leaders in corrections will need to consider how to respond to and incorporate the benefits of various trends. Corrections leaders will deal with direct operational issues, such as staffing shortages and a shift toward privatization. They will need to adjust to the changes in sentencing laws. It is likely that the changes in the use of mandatory sentencing laws and the use of diversion programs will present challenges. Recidivism will continue to be a key measure of the effectiveness of corrections initiatives. Privatization Years ago Texas was running out of money to support the prison system’s constant drain on the budget. The legislators decided to privatize some of the prisons. Other states as well had private security companies running several prisons. As initiatives such as â€Å"the war on drugs†, â€Å"getting tough on crime,† and â€Å"three strikes out† began to grow, there was even a greater demand for privately run prisons because the government run facilities were overpopulated. Privately run prisons had little oversight by the state government. Employee turnover rates were bad enough in the government run prisons, and became even worse in the private prisons. Private prisons had a turnover rate of 53%, whereas publicly run prisons had a 16% turnover. The environment in the privately run prisons was unstable. Because of staffing shortages and poor regulations in private prisons, escapes were common. Perimeters and posts were left unprotected by guards. The environment became increasingly dangerous as inmate-on-staff and inmate-on-inmate assaults rose by 50% in the private prisons. (Brickner Diaz, 2011) According to Brickner and Diaz, â€Å"Prison privatization is gaining traction in some states because officials and the public are concerned about the rising cost of incarceration. † (2011, np. ). The public can expect more private run prisons as state funds continue to decline. Private security companies have shown that they can operate a prison as a lower cost than the government can, but offender rehabilitation initiatives may suffer as a result of privatization. Taylor and Cooper indicate that, â€Å"U. S. critics argue that private firms ultimately privilege profit over the interests of  the public, the prisoners and their rehabilitation. † (2008, p. 8). The future is almost certain to find more privately run prisons. The challenge for leaders will be to improve the operation of both public and private prisons so organizational objectives of the criminal justice system as a whole can be supported. Future initiatives will require an open dia log of communication, collaboration, and teamwork. Staffing Shortages Staffing shortages in the corrections system and criminal justice system is a problem that has already started to become a major challenge. As the future looms and the ability to maintain a safe and effective number of staff in prisons becomes more difficult, the importance of addressing the problem and finding solutions to it becomes vital to the success of the corrections system. Part of the difficulty in staffing currently stems from the budget cuts that corrections facilities are undergoing and are facing. Without acquiring the funding to keep the staffing level at optimal numbers, prisons are forced to have higher than desired inmate to staff ratios. Additionally, this problem even affects law enforcement and the court systems. â€Å"Due to the prisons having lower staffing and less of a budget, it is frequent for offenders to be released to balance out the problem, even if they are not reformed† (R. Knorr, personal communication, August 30, 2013). This leads to offenders committing new crimes for the police and courts to deal with. Then the offenders are returned to prison. The challenge that faces the leaders in the corrections systems is that budget cuts and funding are not likely to change in the future, and in fact, are probably going to continue to decrease. As a result, leaders will have to develop plans that will support safe and effective staffing levels within the permitted budget. One popular opinion is that reducing the inmate population will allow prisons to be operated safely and efficiently without increasing staffing. Reducing the inmate population can be done through programs such as community corrections, reduced sentencing terms, or alternative sentencing. Staffing challenges must be addressed by future leaders. Issues such job satisfaction, working conditions, and pay will need to be addressed to improve the high turnover in corrections. Strategies to reduce turnover will help with control costs because retention will alleviate some of the training costs. Recidivism Each day thousands of individuals come in contact with law enforcement and are arrested for breaking the laws of society. During their incarceration, these rule breakers or offenders as they are called can choose while incarcerated to change their behaviors to become productive citizens or to maintain their current lifestyle and return to a life of crime. Offenders can go through specialized programming to help and aid them in changing their thought processes about crimes and issues that may have been involved in their conviction (Smith, 2013). Mostly, the completion of these programs offers the offenders a reduction in the sentence and will allow them an early release. Criminologists have been focused on researching ways to reducing recidivism and reducing the length of incarceration, if the reduction would benefit society. Current trends include offering programs offenders can participate in while incarcerated. The completion of these programs offers the offenders a reduction in the sentence and will allow them an early release. These programs can range from residential therapeutic community where offenders live and work toward change 24 hours a day or AA/NA programs where the offenders sit in group sessions with volunteers. The burden of changing the illegal thoughts and ways of offenders must be placed on the offenders themselves and not society through programming options. When an automatic sentence reduction is attached to the completion of the programs, many times offenders just go through the motions for the reduction of their time and never attempt to change their criminal ways of thinking. Despite huge investments made on rehabilitation more than 40% of offenders who are released from prison commit crimes within three years of their release and wind up back in prison (Pearlstein, 2011). Almost half of the offenders released in 2011 returned to a life inside a correctional facility somewhere in the United States. Of these offenders, 42% were released after completing a program that offered a reduction in sentence as an incentive (Smith, 2013). The leaders in corrections must analyze the statistics of recidivism and hold offenders accountable for their individual outcomes. Leaders must also examine programs that have shown promise in reducing recidivism. Researchers have suggested that instead of putting an offender back in prison for a minor parole violation, the severity of the violation should be considered, and alternative penalties should be imposed. Sanctions that can be applied quickly and with a level of certainty are likely to influence the offender to improve their behavior more effectively than the more distant threat of going back to prison. A progressive sanction policy can provide the structure that will help with the administration process and can alleviate concerns that might be raised in regard to the fair and impartial use of the sanctions. Measures such as requiring the use electronic monitoring devices, increasing the frequency of drug or alcohol testing, or modifying other conditions of probation or parole can reduce recidivism (Lawrence, 2013). Mandatory Sentencing Leaders in the criminal justice system will need to continue to evaluate the effectiveness of mandatory sentencing laws. Mandatory sentencing eliminates the need for a costly pre-sentencing report, allows a more efficient judicial procedure, and eliminates ethical challenges associated with judicial discretion (Bryjak Barkan, 2010). With mandatory sentencing, courts are forced to deliver the same punishment to all individuals, regardless of wealth, race, political affiliation, etc. The courts are no longer given the chance to become corrupt and must adhere to the letter of the law (Scheb, 2008). The negative aspects of mandatory sentencing laws may outweigh any benefit. Mandatory sentencing laws have a disparate impact on minority groups, contribute to prison overcrowding, and have not been proven to reduce crime rates. Leaders are likely to see reforms made to mandatory sentencing laws. Future trends will include eliminating mandatory sentencing in favor of other sentencing options. Offenders, who commit an offense that under current laws would be sentenced to life in prison, may be sentenced with a focus on rehabilitation rather than retribution. Corrections leaders will have challenges to implement additional treatment plans to accommodate the growing focus on rehabilitation. A key goal in corrections will be to help the offender get back into the community and become a contributing member of society. Future Diversion Opportunities Criminal justice professionals have come to realize that reforms are needed in corrections. Even those who have little faith in the effectiveness of rehabilitation support this approach over purely punitive measures (Adler, Mueller, Laufer, 2009). One trend that has been growing in the criminal justice field is the use of diversion programs for non-violent offenders. There has been a renewed effort in at least 27 states to reallocate funds typically spent on incarceration to diversion programs. Results indicate that such efforts can reduce recidivism, reduce the prison population, increase public safety, and increase offender accountability (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2013). Diversion programs are less expensive overall than incarceration and are considered to be a more effective method for an individual’s rehabilitation. Pretrial intervention programs have been effective option for juvenile offenders or adult offenders with substance abuse or mental health issues. Leaders have to determine what criteria should be used to identify offenders who are eligible to participate in diversion programs and what measures need to be put in place to ensure that the intended outcomes are achieved. Leaders can influence successful outcomes by committing resources to conducting pre-trial assessments and implementing the treatment plans that are recommended as a result. The pre-trial assessment should assess the risk of an offender, identify the root-causes of the offender’s behavior, and provide recommendations for the appropriate intervention. Mental health issues are often overshadowed by substance abuse or treatment is based on an incomplete diagnosis. For example, an offender that should be treated for a dual diagnosis often receives services that address just one issue (Durcan Wilson, 2009). Conclusion Leaders in corrections will be faced with many challenges.

Why civilization 5 is the best game ever. Essays - Software

Why civilization 5 is the best game ever. Gaming is something very essential in people's lives nowadays. Numerous games announce every month, every day. Although there are many great games out there, I personally believe that Civilization 5 is the best game ever created with these three reasons. First reason is about the game progression. Unlike many other games, civilization 5 start with just two cavemen, and everything is on you to decide how you going to develop throughout the game. Some may want to proceed into powerful and destructive country where army is placed every inch of your city; Others may develop into more civilized country where culture and history is more important than power over other countries. These kind of progression in gaming is unheard and infamous only in civilization 5. Another reason is the strategic side of the game. Every element in the game is very important to progress in the game; However, in start of each game your resource and individual strength is randomized meaning you have to strategize your next move differently every game. This kind of game playing requires great amount of pondering before doing any move on the screen, which makes your game difficult but very challenging. Once you get the hang of playing the game this way, you just cannot get out of civilization 5's attractiveness. Last but not least, multiplayer community is there to emphasize. Obviously, civilization 5 also has multiplayer server where you meet other to play games together. I found this multiplayer server so fascinating, because civilization 5 community is so welcoming and kind unlike any other game communities. When I first got the game, I hadn't had single idea how to play the game; But everyone I met on the server was really kind to teach every single element of the game. As a beginner, this was very intriguing and fascinating experience. Through the reasons I stated above, civilization 5 is the best game ever created. Although many people will disagree with my opinion due to their difference in child experience or the element of the game. I am strongly sure that everyone who will play the game will not be disappointed.

Symbiogenesis - An Evolution Definition

Symbiogenesis - An Evolution Definition Symbiogenesis  is an evolution term that relates to the cooperation between species in order to increase their survival. The crux of the theory of natural selection, as laid out by the â€Å"Father of Evolution† Charles Darwin, is competition. Mostly, he focused on competition between individuals of a population within the same species for survival. Those with the most favorable adaptations could compete better for things like food, shelter, and mates with which to reproduce and make the next generation of offspring that would carry those traits in their DNA. Darwinism relies on competition for these sorts of resources in order for natural selection to work. Without competition, all individuals would be able to survive and the favorable adaptations will never be selected for by pressures within the environment. This sort of competition can also be applied to the idea of coevolution of species. The usual example of coevolution typically deals with a predator and prey relationship. As the prey get faster and run away from the predator, natural selection will kick in and select an adaptation that is more favorable to the predator. These adaptations could be the predators becoming faster themselves to keep up with the prey, or maybe the traits that would be more favorable would have to do with the predators becoming stealthier so they can better stalk and ambush their prey. Competition with other individuals of that species for the food will drive the rate of this evolution. However, other evolutionary scientists assert that it is actually cooperation between individuals and not always competition that drives evolution. This hypothesis is known as symbiogenesis. Breaking down the word symbiogenesis into parts gives a clue as to the meaning. The prefix sym means to bring together. Bio of course means life and genesis is to create or to produce. Therefore, we can conclude that symbiogenesis means to bring individuals together in order to create life. This would rely on cooperation of individuals instead of competition to drive natural selection and ultimately the rate of evolution. Perhaps the best known example of symbiogenesis is the similarly named Endosymbiotic Theory popularized by evolutionary scientist Lynn Margulis. This explanation of how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells is the currently accepted theory in science. Instead of competition, various prokaryotic organisms worked together to create a more stable life for all involved. A larger prokaryote engulfed smaller prokaryotes that became what we now know as various important organelles within a eukaryotic cell. Prokaryotes similar to cyanobacteria became the chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms and other prokaryotes would go on to become mitochondria where ATP energy is produced in the eukaryotic cell. This cooperation drove the evolution of eukaryotes through cooperation and not competition. It is most likely a combination of both competition and cooperation that fully drive the rate of evolution through natural selection. While some species, such as humans, can cooperate to make life easier for the entire species so it can thrive and survive, others, such as different types of non-colonial bacteria, go it on their own and only compete with other individuals for survival. Social evolution plays a large part in deciding whether or not cooperation will work for a group which would in turn reduce the competition between individuals. However, species will continue to change over time via natural selection no matter if it is through cooperation or competition. Understanding why different individuals within species choose one or the other as their primary way of operating may help deepen the knowledge of evolution and how it occurs over long periods of time.

Gospel of Mark Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Gospel of Mark - Research Paper Example When compared to other three gospels, Mark is not an appealing piece of writing. Evidently, his intention was the simple and direct narration of the events so that his gentile audience who did not have knowledge about ‘a promised messiah’ can easily comprehend the message he conveys. Mark’s is the oldest gospel, and obviously the primary sources of information for other writers like Luke, John, and Mathew. Regardless of its lacking readability, the gospel of Mark is often considered as a reliable testimony as he was very close to Peter and Paul in their mission. It contains Jesus’ parables, the miracles he performed, events like crucifixion and resurrection, and finally the mission Jesus vests upon his apostles. According to many, the final element (Mk: 16: 9-20) is an addition to the gospel of Mark probably by some editors. Mark begins the gospel hastily with the oration of John the Baptist, and this informs readers that Jesus is the heavenly messiah and s on of God, fulfillment of prophesy. Gospel of Mark is one of the most important pieces of work in the New Testament for several reasons. Despite its terse prose, gospel of Mark is concrete for historical factors and clear narration of Jesus’ ministry. As a writer, Mark has clear objectives, and he gives special emphasis to certain ideas and themes throughout the book. His gospel is not a loose description of too many things, but it addresses specific theological concerns and ethical issues. Gospel of Mark contains 16 chapters among which the first 8 chapters describe his travel to the north. He preaches the word of God and performs wonders as the sign of his authority and heavenly mission. The entire first part reflects the early Christian church’s belief in Jesus as the Christ, Man, and Son of God. Throughout this part several people ask the question who Jesus is, and the answer is that Jesus heals the